This paper examines the causal effect of VAR adoption on referee decisions across five major European soccer leagues using data from FBref spanning nine seasons. We use a difference-in-differences design with two-way fixed effects and validate our results with the Callaway and Sant'Anna estimator to account for staggered treatment timing. We find no significant effect on red or yellow cards, and a significant 11-13% decline in offsides following VAR adoption.

Proyecto final

test plots

Penelitian ini mengintegrasikan dua landasan teoritik yang saling melengkapi. Teacher-Student Relationship Theory (Pianta, 1999) menekankan bahwa kualitas relasi guru-siswa diukur melalui dimensi kedekatan, konflik, dan ketergantungan merupakan prediktor penting terhadap penyesuaian akademik dan sosial emosional siswa. Dalam PISA 2022, relasi ini dioperasionalisasikan melalui dua indeks: RELATST (persepsi relasi guru-siswa secara umum) dan TEACHSUP (dukungan guru matematika di kelas). Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) menyatakan bahwa motivasi dan kesejahteraan psikologis yang optimal muncul ketika tiga kebutuhan psikologis dasar (basic psychological needs) terpenuhi:

Devon Lucky's Map shows the total number of arrests by states in 2024.