Bandiagara Mosaic villages where data were collected

Bandiagara Mosaic in villages were data were collected by subgroup

Bandiagara Mosaic

Distribution of P vs F phonemes West African languages

Widespread lexemes for SHEEP as NAMBALA or PEEGI

Lexemes for COW (ungulates) across African languages from Near Eastern source

Cow's linguistic dispersal in Africa

Fulfulde-spread [na(G)] lexeme only found where Fulani herders have had contact

Lexemes for COW across West Africa

West African lexemes for COW plus east Bantu

Lexemes for HORSE across African languages

Pre-colonial settlement sites in West Africa with a concentration on the Bandiagara Escarpment

Central Eastern Mali significant historical events

SHEEP

SHEEP

PIG

ANIMAL

Lexemes for HORSE across West Africa

Lexemes for COW across Mande languages

Lexemes for COW in West and East Africa

Words for HORSE in West Africa and the Tse-tse Fly belt

Lexemes for HORSE across African languages mainly consist of two roots: CO and PADAS

Central Eastern Mali + Burkina Faso linguistic diversity colored by narrow family

Central Eastern Mali + Burkina Faso linguistic diversity colored by broad family

Compiled using the LingTypology package for R (Moroz, G. [2023/1.1.16]. LingTypology: Linguistic Typology and Mapping Library. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277345]). The GPS coordinates for the languages were sourced from the Dogon Languages website ([https://dogonlanguages.info/geography.cfm]).

Compiled using the LingTypology package for R (Moroz, G. [2023/1.1.16]. LingTypology: Linguistic Typology and Mapping Library. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277345]). The GPS coordinates for the languages were sourced from the Dogon Languages website ([https://dogonlanguages.info/geography.cfm]).

Soninke, Fulfulde-Bangime shared lexemes for concept GROUNDNUT

Bangime form for MAIZE not shared with other languages of West Africa

Mende-Bangime shared lexemes for concept RICE

Mande, Dogon, Fula - Bangime shared lexemes for concept OKRA

Soninke/Bambara/Dogon - Bangime shared lexemes for concept SORGHUM

Bozo - Bangime lexical transfer between concepts MEAL to FONIO

Bozo - Bangime shared lexemes for concept MILLET

Bandiagara Region linguistic diversity

Five common lexemes with shared codes for MILLET among twelve language families across West Africa

RICE

Locations of major West African empire capital cities coded by city; popup indicates language currently spoken and dates of Empire

West African early human development sites coded by location and dates as pertains to Bandiagara crop borrowing study; popup indicates proposed populations according to literature and language currently spoken at plotted village or city.

Lexemes for GROUNDNUT grouped into three broad phonetic codes

GROUNDNUT

Lexemes for YAM grouped into three broad phonetic codes

Lexemes for RICE grouped into five broad phonetic codes

Lexemes for OKRA grouped into four broad phonetic codes

Lexemes for MAIZE grouped into two broad phonetic codes (derived from SORGHUM or MILLET)

Lexemes for SORGHUM grouped into five broad phonetic codes

Lexemes for FONIO grouped into four broad phonetic codes

Lexemes for MILLET separated into four narrow phonetic codes

Lexemes for MILLET grouped into five broad phonetic codes

FONIO

Widespread presence of NJU lexeme for MILLET across West Africa

Bandiagara Escarpment and surrounding area linguistic diversity: coordinates from Dogon and Bangime Languages Project, Affiliations by Bang project, Map produced with LingTypology package for R

Bandiagara Escarpment and surrounding area linguistic diversity: coordinates from Dogon and Bangime Languages Project, Affiliations by Glottolog, Map produced with LingTypology package for R

Trade networks and timelines of loan words for domesticated crops into Bangime

SORGHUM coded narrowly by source of loan; blue line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

GROUNDNUT coded narrowly by source of loan; green line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

YAM and SWEET POTATO coded broadly by source of loan; orange line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

RICE coded narrowly by source of loan; orange line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

OKRA coded broadly by source of loan; blue line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

FONIO coded broadly by source of loan; blue line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

MILLET coded broadly by source of loan; blue line indicates possible contact trajectory. Pop-up shows currently spoken language and family.

Dates are indicated in median age BC/AD format. Pop-ups indicate languages spoken today in BR and language families for other areas of West Africa.

Central Eastern Malian villages with density plots coded by family and points coded by language

West African early human development sites coded by place name and estimated date as pertains to Bangime crop borrowing study; popup indicates currently spoken language

Map of lexemes for FONIO colored by broad phonetic code

Map of lexemes for SORGHUM colored by broad phonetic code

Crop terminology dispersal timeline map

West African linguistic diversity

African languages: studied or spoken

Condensed map of loan words for COW with sources

Condensed map of loan words for COW

Condensed map of loan words for HORSE with sources

Condensed map of loan words for HORSE with tsetse fly belt

Condensed map of loan words for HORSE

Linguistic diversity in the Bandiagara Escarpment region of West Africa / Diversité linguistique dans la région de l'escarpement de Bandiagara en Afrique de l'Ouest

Fulfulde - rather than Mande - influence on Dogon languages reflected through words for 'cow'

Distribution of words for 'cow' among West African languages

Horse distribution by loan source

Dogon and Mande languages split by the tsetse fly belt

Songhay and Mande influence on Dogon languages' word for 'horse'

Central Eastern Malian linguistic diversity Sources: https://dogonlanguages.org/geography.cfm https://glottolog.org/

West African Empire capitals Sources: (Diallo, 1993; Dieterlen et al., 1992) (Simonis 2010) (Roberts 1987: 69)

Date and location sources: Hublin et al. 2017 Huysecom et al. 2015 Manning et al. 2015 Haskell, McIntosh & McIntosh 1988 Lipson et al 2020 McIntosh & McIntosh 1981

Central Eastern Malian language subgroups