Thematic convergence between Colombia and Peru in biofuels is moderate and focused, with a predominance of the waste management and energy efficiency clusters. Similarities in bioprocesses and thermal conversion are limited, suggesting opportunities to strengthen common areas in bioenergy, waste treatment, and decentralized production. Overall, this relationship provides an initial basis for developing future collaborations focuscused on sustainable waste utilization and emerging conversion technologies.

The thematic convergence between Colombia and Chile in biofuels is broad, balanced, and technologically diverse, with a high density of overlap in the three clusters. The articulation of advanced bioprocesses is notable, complemented by thermal approaches and a solid foundation in waste management. This pattern suggests a mature research relationship with the potential to consolidate strategic alliances focused on the bioeconomy, utilization of residual biomass, and innovation in clean energy technologies.

The thematic convergence between Colombia and Mexico in biofuels is deep, diverse, and structured, with a clear focus on the bioprocesses cluster, followed by advances in thermal conversion techniques, and efficient waste management. The density of shared terms and technical complementarity reflects a robust research alliance with high potential for the joint development of clean technologies, organic waste recovery, and sustainable energy generation within the framework of the regional bioeconomy.

Thematic convergence between Chile and Peru in biofuels is limited and focuses primarily on waste management and practices associated with the circular economy (CE). Although there are points of agreement in thermal processes and some bioprocesses, these do not yet constitute a solid, articulated axis. Overall, the relationship between the two countries reflects a starting point for strengthening common lines in clean technologies, with the potential to expand cooperation in energy recovery and waste treatment.

The thematic convergence between Chile and Mexico in the field of biofuels is characterized by its depth and balance, with significant overlaps across the three clusters analyzed. A strong articulation around biotechnological processes stands out, complemented by the shared use of advanced thermal technologies and efficient waste management approaches. This complementarity creates a favorable environment for promoting collaborative projects in bioenergy, the restoration of degraded environments, and sustainable conversion technologies.

Chile and Colombia demonstrate a notably broad thematic convergence in biofuels, with a special emphasis on bioprocesses and biomass valorization. Strong technical and scientific complementarity is evident in waste management, thermal technologies, and biotechnological processes, creating a shared ecosystem of energy innovation. This coordination positions both countries as potential allies in the bioeconomy, with the capacity to advance sustainable transformation pathways based on waste and biomass.

Mexico and Peru show strong thematic convergence across the three clusters, with an emphasis on bioprocesses for waste and biomass valorization. They share diverse technological approaches that integrate chemical, thermal, and biological pathways, reflecting a strategic complementarity with the potential to foster partnerships in the bioeconomy, decentralized energy, and waste management.

Mexico and Chile present a strong thematic convergence in biofuels, highlighting a common focus on advanced bioprocesses for biomass valorization. They share strategies based on fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and organic waste conversion, complemented by thermal and material recovery. This coordination reflects the significant potential for strengthening binational scientific and technological alliances focused on sustainability, the bioeconomy, and energy efficiency.

3D thematic map showing the semantic convergence of 54 key terms in biofuel research across Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Term coordinates were derived from co-occurrence data, while elevation (Z) represented the total link strength. Colors indicate thematic clusters identified through the Louvain algorithm, revealing shared research fronts in waste management, thermal processes, and biomass valorization.

3D topological map showing the semantic convergence of 54 key terms in biofuels research across Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Term coordinates derive from co-occurrence data, while elevation (Z) represents total link strength. Colors indicate thematic clusters identified through Louvain algorithm, revealing shared research fronts in waste management, thermal processes, and biomass valorization.