This map shows the risk of lung cancer in each county of Pennsylvania in 2002. the spatial component was not considered while creating this map. the Assumption taken here is that there is no spatial dependence in the distribution of lung cancer risk in Pennsylvania state.

This map was created using INLA, and it shows the distribution of lung cancer risk by space (county) after controlling for covariate county-smoking rate. the assumption considered, is that counties sharing bounders have a similar risk compared to those which don't share bounders