Dalam bahasa statistik, kami tertarik untuk memperkirakan beberapa parameter yang tidak diketahui tentang suatu populasi. Jika semua data telah tersedia bagi kita, kita dapat menghitung parameter secara langsung dengan mudah

Basic data types We have already said that logical values can be used to subset a data frame, and all the values in a given column of a data frame must be of the same type or class.

The ggplot2 library is an extremely popular visualization package that provides an interface for extremely fine control over graphics for plotting. It is used by a number of of other popular packages in their built-in plotting functions. It provides a “grammar of graphics” that is quite useful to know. A note about accessibility: The default colors automatically selected by ggplot2 are not very user-friendly. Colors are chosen by sampling evenly spaced hues on the color wheel. Because of this behavior, all of the colors have similar intensity, which means that they do not work well when printed in gray-scale, and may be difficult to distinguish for users with atypical color vision

The tidyverse is a collection of packages by the creators of RStudio that share an approach to data science. The tidyverse packages replace some of the base R functions with alternatives that are intended to be more user friendly for data scientists who are following this life cycle. We will only be covering a few of the packages from the tidyverse. library(tidyr)

All of the functions used up to this point were part of base R. They are built into the R language itself. Base R is extremely powerful, but R is also extensible. There are thousands of packages available for R. The difficulty of installing these packages varies greatly. When possible, it is convenient to use Bioconductor, a repository of free open source R software for bioinformatics, which is updated twice a year, and includes stable versions of R packages that are useful for biological and data science projects.

Lines graph, also known as line charts or line plots, display ordered data points connected with straight segments. In this tutorial you will learn how to plot line graphs in base R using the plot, lines, matplot, matlines and curve functions and how to modify the style of the resulting plots.

In the last section, you were asked to convert the “smoker” column to logical values. The solution is fairly simple: `

R memiliki sejumlah fungsi untuk membaca data dalam berbagai format. juga digunakan read.csv()fungsi untuk membaca di spreadsheet yang berisi data dari eksperimen.

Percobaan matakuliah Bioinformatika, menggunakan Rstudio dan Rpubs.