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Burnout Assessment Tool: Validity evidence for the workers secondary symptoms version and for the student short version
The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) is a recognized psychometric tool for measuring burnout. It introduces a novel approach to burnout as a multidimensional construct, consisting of two second-order dimensions — core and secondary symptoms. Previous studies have examined the psychometric properties of the BAT-23 and BAT-12 in Portugal. However, no research has yet explored the validity of the BAT-S (secondary symptoms version) in Portugal or the psychometric properties of the BAT-12 in Portuguese university students. This study seeks to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Portuguese versions of BAT-S in working professionals and BAT-12 in university students. The investigation focuses on the validity evidence based on the internal structure (dimensionality, reliability, and measurement invariance) as well as the validity evidence based on the relations to other variables. The study utilized three non-probabilistic convenience samples comprising two worker groups from cross-sectional designs: a public administration organization (n = 399) and various other organizations (n = 458), along with a group of university students from a Portuguese public university in a longitudinal design (nwave 1 = 369; nwave 2 = 234). For the BAT-S work version, the original BAT dimensionality was confirmed with all items displaying satisfactory mean square fit statistics (Minfit = 0.99; SDinfit = 0.18; Moutfit = 0.98; SDoutfit = 0.15). Adequate internal consistency was achieved (ωi ≥ .79), and measurement invariance was established between male and female workers. Validity evidence based on the relations to other variables showed correlations that align with the constructs' nomological network, with core symptoms exhibiting moderate/strong correlations with colleagues’ incivility, clients’ incivility, negative change, and bureaucracy, while the secondary symptoms presented weaker correlations with the same variables. For the BAT-12 student version, the original dimensionality was confirmed, demonstrating good internal consistency (ωi ≥ .79) and measurement invariance across sex and longitudinal measurements. In terms of validity evidence related to other variables, the BAT-12 scores displayed strong negative latent correlations with academic engagement, satisfaction with education, psychological capital, and social support while revealing strong positive latent correlations with psychological distress and dropout intention. The study's findings provide supporting evidence for the validity of the Portuguese versions of BAT-S and BAT-12. The promising validity evidence suggests that both tools are suitable for measuring burnout in workers and university students, respectively.
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