Dalam bahasa statistik, kami tertarik untuk memperkirakan beberapa parameter yang tidak diketahui tentang suatu populasi. Jika semua data telah tersedia bagi kita, kita dapat menghitung parameter secara langsung dengan mudah. Namun, kita sering kali tidak memiliki akses ke seluruh populasi (seperti halnya dengan pemilih yang melakukan pemungutan suara) atau mungkin terdapat terlalu banyak data untuk dikerjakan sehingga menjadi hambatan komputasi (seperti halnya dengan penerbangan).

The ggplot2 library is an extremely popular visualization package that provides an interface for extremely fine control over graphics for plotting. It is used by a number of of other popular packages in their built-in plotting functions. It provides a “grammar of graphics” that is quite useful to know.

The tidyverse is a collection of packages by the creators of RStudio that share an approach to data science. The tidyverse packages replace some of the base R functions with alternatives that are intended to be more user friendly for data scientists who are following this life cycle.

All of the functions used up to this point were part of base R. They are built into the R language itself. Base R is extremely powerful, but R is also extensible. There are thousands of packages available for R.

Lines graph, also known as line charts or line plots, display ordered data points connected with straight segments. In this tutorial you will learn how to plot line graphs in base R using the plot, lines, matplot, matlines and curve functions and how to modify the style of the resulting plots.

In the last section, you were asked to convert the “smoker” column to logical values. The solution is fairly simple:

We have already said that logical values can be used to subset a data frame, and all the values in a given column of a data frame must be of the same type or class. But what does this mean?

Data Frames di R adalah fungsi yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat kerangka data, koleksi dari variabel-variabel yang mana memiliki karakteristik seperti matriks. Ibaratnya data frame membuat data yang anda susun mirip seperti tabel yang terdiri dari baris dan kolom pada Excel atau Calc

Cohtoh dari Bahasa R